These international laws or agreements explicitly prohibit the intentional or indiscriminate destruction of the environment, its resources and vital civilian infrastructure, particularly when the damage is highly disproportionate to military necessity. Among these are The Hague Conventions of 18, the 1949 Fourth Geneva Conventions, the 1977 Additional Protocols to the Geneva Convention (Protocol I and II), the 1976 Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques (ENMOD) and the 1982 World Charter for Nature. The targeting of environmental resources and related infrastructure has long been used as both an instrument and strategy in conflict and is addressed by various international humanitarian laws. In 20, IS captured large dams at Falluja, Mosul, Samarra, and Ramadi as part of a wider strategy to flood surrounding towns or disrupt critical water supplies to local communities. This strategy has also been used by Al Qaeda. Between 20 the Islamic State (IS) engaged in various attacks on the Iraqi and Syrian energy sectors, confiscating and destroying significant oil and gas fields. Terrorist organizations commonly use a range of conventional and non-conventional measures to attack, coerce, intimidate, and/or weaken their opponent. Among the tactics adopted by terrorist groups is the use of the environment and its resources as either a target or a weapon of conflict. However, due to global trends, the unlawful use of environmental resources or systems to function as both a target and an instrument of armed conflict is growing in frequency and efficiency. In this snapshot, assistant analyst Femke Remmits and strategic analyst Bianca Torossian shed light on the risk environmental terrorism poses in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). Global Commission on the Stability of Cyberspace (GCSC)Įnvironmental resources and related infrastructure have long been used as both an instrument and strategy of military conflict and terrorism.Sustainability and the Energy Transition.Critical Materials, Minerals and Metals.Governance and International Organization.Strategic Stability: Deterrence and Arms Control.Initiative on the Future of Transatlantic Relations.
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